joi, 31 mai 2012

Carve turn


Carve turn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A modern "parabolic" ski. It is narrower at the binding than at the ends, and allows for easier carve turns.
carve turn is a skiing term, used to refer to a turning technique in which the ski shifts to one side or the other on its edges. In this case, the ski turns itself and is driven by the sidecut geometry while losing no speed, unlike a normal parallel turn.

[edit]
Shaped skis, also called parabolic skis, make carve turns possible at low speeds and with short turn radius. They were first developed in 1988 by
 Jurij Frankoin Slovenian ski producing company Elan who calculated a suitable flex pattern for new kind of skis with his colleague Pavel Skofic. They organized a project dubbed SideCut Extreme – SCX – and set out to build prototypes.[1]History

Shaped skis were almost unheard of until the early 1990s, when skiers began noticing certain advantages to the deeper sidecuts of snowboards, especially alpine snowboards, and the carving ability that this shape offered over the traditionally-shaped ski. Skis of this new shape have since become the most common, and in many areas, only recreational ski available. The idea of shaped skis was formed by approaching the occurrence of skidding from a different perspective. Two basic assumptions were applied: that the ski would bend when edged (edging is the angling of the ski running base with the snow surface) only to the point where the ski's center came in contact with snow surface. The ski would not skid only when all the points of the edge of the ski traveled through the same point on the snow surface. If radius of a turn is chosen together with edge angle, calculation of sidecut (intersection of snow and ski surface) was relatively easy. The final result was radical parabolic sidecut.[2]

[edit]Dynamics

When attempting a carve turn, a skier is skiing in dynamic equilibrium, so, to balance the centripetal force, the skier must bring their center of mass to the inside of the turn radius. This is very much like a cyclist leaning to the inside of a turn to avoid being thrown off of his bicycle (incidentally, the typical movement speeds of biking and skiing are quite similar). Beginners to the sport are often hesitant to angulate into these turns, as they feel that such an action will cause them to fall. Ski instructors therefore teach new skiers to overcome this hesitation.
The ski is made with a side-cut radius. This is the radius of a circle that would fit into the shape of the edge of the ski if viewed in plan-view. This is approximately the maximum radius of turn that can be cleanly carved. Expertly used skis are capable of carving clean circular arc segments whose approximate minimum radius is proportional to the cosine of the angle of tilt multiplied by the side-cut radius.

[edit]Path

Carving typically involves the skier making a series of "Cs", or half circles, down the hill (with two consecutive "C"s forming an "S"). Skidding turns on the other hand would rather follow a "Z"-shaped path.
Some instructors teach their students to think of these half circles as a clock. For example, the most extreme left portion of a turn would be at 9 o'clock and the extreme right is 3 o'clock. The turns are accomplished by utilizing a "rolling" of both skis from edge to edge.[3]

[edit]Speed

Recreational skiing is usually done at speeds in range between 5 m/s and 15 m/s with average turn radius of less than 15 m. Accordingly, sidecuts of modern recreational skis are calculated for turn radius of approximately 7 to 15 m.[1]
Unlike a skidding turn, which primarily uses the skidding effect to reduce speed (hence the "Z"-path), a (perfect) carving turn does not lose any speed because there is no braking action in the turns. It is rather the reduction of the average path slope angle that results of the carving skier's S-shaped path down the slope (as opposed to a path that goes straight down) that reduces the skier's speed. If the carve skier wishes to go slower, the only thing he has to do is wait a littler longer before initiating the next C-turn (making the "C" longer). This will lead him to ski more and more across the slope (in extremes uphill), reducing the average path slope angle.

[edit]Snowboarding

A carve turn is distinguishable by its subsequent "pencil line" mark left in the snow. This indicates that only the edge of the board is making contact with the snow, and no slippage is taking place. The rider is using the camber and side-cut radius to achieve the arc in the snow. This arc transfers the maximum possible amount of energy and speed into the next turn, as opposed to losing that energy through transfer to the snow. It's a balancing act that involves the riders variable of speed, snow compactness, rider weight, rider height, board length, board chamber, side-cut radius and more. A skilled rider does not have to think about all these things, but rather all of this is accomplished by muscle memory in just fractions of a second
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